Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae

1) General Zoological Data

This species is found in the savannah of most of southern Africa , even in the desert where some of the largest populations exist. Most often the species is referred to as “Angolan springbok”, and Blaine (1922) differentiates two subspecies and provides detailed measurements. Boetticher considered the evolutionary relationship to gazellinae and considered that Antidorcas split off quite early in the speciation process. Both sexes have horns. The animal has the capacity to jump straight into the air, which is the reason for its name. Large groups live together and their water requirements are minimal. There are also numerous springbok in various zoological parks. Jones (1981) considered the animal to be common in Africa , accounted for 300 specimens in zoos, and also documented their being kept on numerous African game farms. He gave their weights as being 25-30 kg (26-48 kg. according to Hayssen et al., 1993). The longevity of springbok is 19 years according to Jones (1993). The name derives from resemblance to the Dorcas gazelle and the “marsupialis” refers to the pouch on the rump which, when erected as danger signal, displays white hair (Gotch, 1979).

2) General Gestational Data

Gestation lasts 167-171 days (Mentis, 1972) and usually produces singletons. Among 148 births at Pretoria zoo only two twins occurred. Others have not observed twinning in large numbers of conceptions. The longevity given by Mentis (1972) is only 7-9 years. Dittrich (1970) gives the neonatal weight of a female springbok as being 4,010 g while Hayssen et al. (1993) give 3.8200 g for females and 4,000 g for males. Growth and development data are provided by v.Zyl & Skinner (1970). Griner (1983) found an approximately 20 % perinatal mortality.

3) Implantation

Implantation and early embryonic development were described by v. Zyl (1966); unfortunately that publication was not available to me. Thus, I cannot present any data on implantation or early stages of placental development.

4) General Characterization of the Placenta

This placenta weighed 350 g, had 86 cotyledons that measured from 2 to cm in greatest diameters. The portion displayed on the left is the pregnant horn (27 cm wide) and that displayed at the right had smaller cotyledons and was narrow (7 cm). There were four rows of cotyledons; 51 were in the left (occupied) horn, 35 smaller ones in the other horn. It is unknown from which side of the uterus they came, however.

5) Details of fetal/maternal barrier

The villi are covered by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium which has occasional typical binucleate cells. Beneath the chorion, foci of crystalline yellow pigment are found in some large trophoblastic epithelium. They conform entirely to the usually present “hemophagous organ”. More likely than not, this placenta has an epithelio-chorial relationship with the maternal caruncular epithelium. But, absent implanted specimens, this will have to be verified.

6) Umbilical cord

Although the cord of this specimen was disrupted, it contained 4 vessels, had an allantoic duct, was unspiraled, and 6 cm long. Other measurements have not been available.

7) Uteroplacental circulation

I am not aware that any studies have been done.

8) Extraplacental membranes

The intercotyledonary membranes are covered with trophoblast that lack binucleate cells in my specimen. There is an extensive vasculature in those membranes. The amnion is avascular and has a thin single-layered epithelium without cornified areas. The epithelium of the allantoic sac was too autolyzed for proper study.

9) Trophoblast external to barrier

It is unlikely that this species has trophoblast externally, in endo/myometrium since its placenta conforms otherwise so well to other bovid species.

10) Endometrium

The uterus is bicornuate (Hayssen et al., 1993) and these authors also stated that only the right horn is used for gestation.

11) Various features

I am not aware of any unusual placental characteristics.

12) Endocrinology

Robinson et al. (1997) described the distribution of LHRH-active neurons in the brains of many springbok, males and females and saw anestrous females to possess larger neurons than those in males. The annual ovarian cycle in this aseasonal breeder were studied by Skinner et al. (2001) with progesterone and LH measurements. When an orchietomized ram was introduced the cycle length shrank from 11 to 3 days and the authors (Skinner et al., 2002) suggested that the females could thus be synchronized.

Els (1983) described the ovarian morphology from a huge sample size (1,290 ewes). There was no predilection of ovulation site, even though the right ovary was slightly larger. In another study (Els, 1981) the reproductive tract of 25 ewes was described. There is a complete ovarian bursa. The right horn of the bicornuate uterus is longer than the left, with 60 vs. 46 caruncles present respectively. This coincides well with the number of cotyledons found in this first placental description above. Herrick et al. (2004) provided detailed information on the general topic of sperm freezing, viability etc. for this and other species.

13) Genetics

Springboks have 56 chromosomes as shown in the karyotype below (Wurster & Benirschke, 1967; 1968). Vassart et al. (1995) described banded chromosomes of this species and arranged them in accordance with the bovid karyotype, thus proposing which acrocentric elements had fused. Hybrids have not been described. Osterhoff et al. (1982) studied albumin and transferring gene frequencies.

14) Immunology

I know of no relevant studies.

15) Pathological features

Iverson et al. (1982) reported that around 18% of a captive herd of springbok died within 2 weeks of birth from polycystic renal disease which was combined with cystic dilatation of the bile ducts. They inferred an autosomal recessive disorder and suggested this to be a valuable experimental animal. Skinner (1971) reported a bilaterally cryptorchid ram. Numerous parasites have afflicted the springbok. Thus, Boomker et al. (2000) recorded various helminths; Horak et al. (1992) found only few ticks in springbok surveyed 48 springbok and identified several worms, and Horak et al. (1982) isolated helminthes, ixodid ticks and various lice from springbok. Later (Horak et al., 1991) again isolated ticks and several worms. Chlamydiosis was diagnosed in a young springbok on a farm with many neonatal deaths (v.d. Lugt & Kriek, 1988). Griner (1983) found coccidiosis in a springbok and discussed the 20% perinatal mortality of the San Diego Zoo.

In February 2009 we saw an abnormal pregnancy that raises several interesting points: This gestation was in the first trimester and terminated after the dam had been gored three days earlier and thus lost the ability to use the right hind limb. The springbok presumably became septic and the lymph nodes were hugely enlarged. The fetus was severely edematous, recently dead and the placenta had markedly abnormal features.

	This opened uterus shows the edematous fetus and peripheral cotyledonary calcifications.
	The edematous and hemorrhagic fetus with short umbilical cord.
	This photograph shows the peripheral calcium deposits at the edges of cotyledons.

The female fetus weighed 237 g, was 17 cm long in CR length and had a 6 cm umbilical cord. The fetus and placenta were confined to the left uterine horn, and approximately 50 cotyledons were identified (aside from numerous tiny possible future cotyledons). Remarkably, there was a white (apparently calcific) rim around each cotyledon. Microscopically, the unusual feature is that the placental villous tissue was very well preserved (albeit somewhat edematous) and that the calcifications were totally confined to the chorionic membrane.

	One implanted cotyledon with calcified regions confined to the chorionic membrane.
	The villous tissue is well preserved but the chorionic membrane has deposits of calcifications.

It is highly unlikely that the areas of calcification were causally linked to either fetal demise or its hydrops when the villous tissue was so normal in appearance. True, there was debris in the villous capillaries, but the surface fetal blood vessels contained live blood and they were not involved in the calcifications. There was none of the subchorionic pigmentation but many trophoblast cells had pigmented cytoplasm. In addition, there was no inflammatory reaction anywhere, the endocervix had mucus-secreting glands and the presence of Barr bodies ruled out X-monosomy.

16) Physiologic data

Jacobson (1983) provided data on immobilization (ketamine) and serum/hematologic values as well. Van Rijswijk & Vorster (1995) presented their findings of a study on adrenal mass and zonation of male and female springbok during different periods of the year. Males have larger adrenals and the “stress” of the dry season apparently enlarges the glands and widens the zona fasciculata. Blood and brain temperatures were studied by Mitchell et al. (1997) in free-living springbok during the hot day and cold night. Milk composition was studied by v. Zyl & Wehmeyer (1970).

17) Other resources

Several strains of fibroblast are available from CRES at the San Diego Zoo by contacting Dr. Oliver Ryder at oryder@ucsd.edu .

18) Other remarks – What additional Information is needed?

Early stages of placentation are not accessible to me; an implanted placenta and data on the length of the umbilical cord would be useful to have. The recent experience with an implanted placenta, measurements of cord and earlier development were added under pathologic features.

Acknowledgement

The animal photograph in this chapter comes from the South African Online Travel Guide.

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