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Hanuman
Langur Presbytis (Semnopithecus) entellus Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae 1) General Zoological Data There are 15 species of Presbytis, according to Nowak (1999), all distributed over southern Asia. Hanuman langurs form large groups in India and in several adjacent countries. They are mostly folivorous and inhabit trees but they also walk often on the ground as well. The designation Semnopithecus is preferred by some, but Presbytis is perhaps even more frequently used as well. Nowak (1999) stated that Hanuman langurs are now endangered because of an encroaching human expansion. Many zoos have kept this species, at least for some time, but their maintenance has its challenges and the colonies have often died out. Often this can be attributed to their folivory and inadequate food supply. Gotch (1979) stated that "Hanuman" is a Hindu word for a monkey god. Presbytis refers to an old man, while entellus comes from a figure in Virgil's Aeneid. |
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2) General Gestational
Data
3) Implantation
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Summary
of the available weights etc. in my material on Hanuman langur placentas. |
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5) Details of fetal/maternal
barrier |
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6) Umbilical cord |
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7) Uteroplacental
circulation |
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8) Extraplacental
membranes |
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9) Trophoblast
external to barrier
10) Endometrium
11) Various features
13) Genetics Presbytis spp. all have 44 chromosomes that are very similar among the various species; an example of Presbytis senex, the purple-faced langur, is shown following the one on Hanuman langurs (Hsu & Benirschke, 1977; see also Zneimer et al., 1979; Sharma & Kakati, 1967). A number of hybrids have been alluded to, but few have lived long enough to ascertain their possible fertility (Gray, 1972), at least this is not remarked upon. Sharma & Gupta (1973) suggested an autosomal/X-chromosomal translocation to have occurred in a specimen they studied; the photograph, however, is not convincing. Banding studies of two Presbytis species and macacs were published by Ponsa et al. (1983). |
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14) Immunology
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16) Physiologic
data
17)
Other resources
18) Other remarks - What additional
information is needed?
Acknowledgement
References Benirschke, K.: Anatomical and functional differences in the placenta of primates. Biol. Reprod. 26:29-53, 1982. Benirschke, K. and Kaufmann, P.: The Pathology of the Human Placenta, fourth edition. Springer-Verlag, NY, 2000. Benveniste, R.E. and Todaro, G.J.: Evolution of primate oncornaviruses: An endogenous virus from langurs (Presbytis spp.) with related virogene sequences in other Old World monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:4557-4561, 1977. Bolk, L.: Beiträge zur Affenanatomie. I. Untersuchungen am schwangeren Uterus von Semnopithecus. Morphol. Jb. 28:565-623, 1900. Burton, G.J.: Early placentation in the Dusky Leaf Monkey (Presbytis obscura). Placenta 1:187-195, 1980. David, G.F.X. and Ramaswami, L.S.: Unilateral hypoplasia of the kidney of a female langur (Presbytis entellus entellus dufresne). Folia Primatol. 5:312-315, 1967. David, G.F.X. and Ramaswami, L.S.: Studies on the menstrual cycles and other related phenomena in the langur (Presbytis entellus entellus). Fol. Primatol. 11:300-316, 1969. David, G.F.X. and Ramaswami, L.S.: Reproductive systems of the North Indian langur (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne). J. Morphol. 135:99-107, 1971. Ensley, P.K., Rost, T.L., Anderson, M.,
Benirschke, K., Brockman, D. and Ullrey, D.: Gotch, A.F.: Mammals - Their Latin Names Explained. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, 1979. Gray, A.P.: Mammalian Hybrids. A Check-list
with Bibliography. 2nd edition. Griner, L.A.: Pathology of Zoo Animals. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, 1983. Himes, E.M., Wendt, W.A., Luchsinger, D.W. and Jarnagin, J.L.: Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a dusky langur with granulomas in the intestine. JAVMA 181:1355-1357, 1982. Hsu, T.C. and Benirschke, K.: An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Vol. 10, Folio 517, 1977. Springer-Verlag, NY. (and Folio 349, 1973). Maston, G.A. and Ruvola, M.: Chorionic gonadotropin has a recent origin within primates and an evolutionary history of selection. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:320-335, 2002. Nowak, R.M.: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1999. Ponsa, M., de Boer, L.E.M. and Egozcue, J.: Banding patterns of the chromosomes of Presbytis pyrrhus and P. obscurus. Amer. J. Primatol. 4:165-169, 1983. Ramaswami, L.S.: Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the langur monkey Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne. Sunder Lal Hora Medal lecture, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B1-30, 1975. Roonwal, M.L. and Mohnot, S.M.: Primates of South Asia. Harvard University Pres, Cambridge, 1977. Scott, G.B.D.: Comparative Primate Pathology. Oxford University Press, 1992. Shandilya, L.N., Ramaswami, L.S. and Shandilya, N.: Progesterone metabolites in urine during menstrual cycle, pregnancy & puerperium in the Indian Hanuman langur Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 14:73-76, 1976a. Shandilya, L.N., Ramaswami, L.S. and Shandilya, N.: Oestrogen metabolites in urine during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and puerperium in the Indian hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus entellus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 47:7-11, 1976b. Shandilya, L.N., Ramaswami, L.S. and Shandilya, N.: Sialic acid concentration in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland and urine of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus). J. Endocrinol. 73:207-213, 1977. Sharma, T. and Kakati, S.: Karyotype of Presbytis entellus entellus (Primate). Cytologia 32:111-116, 1967. Sharma, G.P. and Gupta, C.M.: X-autosome translocation in the Indian langur - Presbytis entellus. Curr. Sci. 42:576, 1973. Starck, D.: Ueber die Länge der Nabelschnur bei Säugetieren. Z. Säugetierk. 22:77-86, 1957. Walker, J.S., Cadigan, F.C., Vosdingh, R.A. and Chye, C.T.: The silvered leaf-monkey of Malaysia, Presbytis cristatus: Disease model for human scrub typhus. J. Infect. Dis. 128:223-226, 1973. Walker, J.S., Cadigan, F.C., Sirimanne, A.R. and Bass, J.B.: Silvered leaf-monkeys (Presbytis cristatus). I. Colony management, caging, diet, and biologic values. Lab. Anim. Sci. 24:290-298, 1974. Zneimer, S., Kumamoto, A.T. and Benirschke, K.: Banding patterns of the chromosomes of two langur species. Pygathrix nemaeus and Presbytis entellus: A comparative study. Chromosome Inform. Serv. 26:19-22, 1979. |
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